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Empirical and Molecular Formulae
A reliable four-step method for empirical formula questions in SPM Chemistry, plus how to find the molecular formula once you know the relative molecular mass.
2026-09-04Study GuidesHow to Calculate Heat of Combustion
Calculate heat of combustion for SPM: the definition, using mass of water and moles of fuel, a worked ethanol example, and why the experimental value is lower.
2026-09-04Study GuidesHow to Calculate Heat of Neutralisation
Calculate heat of neutralisation for SPM: the definition, why strong acid–alkali gives about −57 kJ/mol, a worked example, and why weak acids give a smaller value.
2026-09-04Study GuidesHow to Calculate Heat of Reaction
The SPM method for heat of reaction: use Q = mcθ, convert to kilojoules, divide by moles for ΔH, and set the sign, with a full neutralisation example.
2026-09-04Study GuidesMass of Product From a Balanced Equation
A dependable five-step method for calculating the mass of a product from a balanced chemical equation, with two full SPM Chemistry worked examples.
2026-09-04Study GuidesHow to Calculate Molarity and Dilutions
Molarity and dilution made clear for SPM Chemistry: convert between mass and concentration, use the dilution formula correctly, and keep your volume units straight.
2026-09-04Study GuidesMoles From Concentration and Volume
The SPM method to find moles of a solute from concentration and volume: convert cm³ to dm³, apply n = MV, and rearrange it, with fully worked examples.
2026-09-04Study GuidesHow to Calculate Percentage Yield and Purity
Work out theoretical yield from an equation, then percentage yield and percentage purity, with clean SPM worked examples and the mistakes to avoid.
2026-09-04Study GuidesHow to Calculate Relative Molecular Mass
Add up the relative atomic masses to find relative molecular mass in SPM Chemistry, with a clean method for brackets, hydrated salts and ionic compounds.
2026-09-04Study GuidesFind the Concentration of an Acid by Titration
Learn how to calculate the concentration of an unknown acid by titrating it against a standard alkali, with the mole-ratio method and two fully worked SPM examples.
2026-09-04Study GuidesEmpirical Formula from Percentage Composition
A step-by-step SPM Chemistry method to find the empirical formula from percentage composition by mass, with worked examples and the molecular-formula step.
2026-09-04Study GuidesHow to Calculate the Rate of Reaction From a Graph
A step-by-step SPM guide to reading rate off a graph: average rate, instantaneous rate from a tangent, why the curve flattens, and the units, with two worked examples.
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